Computers

crime detection and even to fly planes. What things will they be used for in future? Is this dependence on computers a good thing or should we be more suspicious of their benefits?

- What are the benefits of using computer?
- What are the future computers like?
- What are disadvantages of using the computers?
- We are now so dependent on computers that it is hard to imagine what things would be like today without them. You have only got to go into a bank when main computer is broken to appreciate the chaos that would occur if computers were suddenly removed world wide.
- In which ways we are dependent on computers?
- What are disadvantages of dependence on computer?
- How can we tackle this dependence?
Computers are a relatively new invention. The first computer was built fifty years ago and it is only the last thirty or so years that their influence has affected our daily life. Personal computers were introduced as recently as the early eighties. In this short time they have made a tremendous impact on our lives. We are now so dependent on computers that it is hard to imagine what this world would be like today without them. You have only got to go into a bank when main computer is broken to appreciate the chaos that would occur if computers were suddenly removed world wide.
- In the future computers will be used to create bigger and even more sophisticated computers. The prospects for this are quite alarming. They will be so complex that no individual could hope to understand how they work. They will bring a lot of benefits but they will also increase the potential for unimaginable chaos. They will, for example, be able to fly planes and they will be able to co – ordinate the movements of several planes in the vicinity (neighborhood) of an airport. Providing all the computers are working correctly nothing can go wrong. If one small program fails, it means disaster.
- There is a certain inevitability that technology will progress and become increasingly complex. We should, however, ensure that we are still in a position where we able to control technology. It will be all too easy to suddenly discover that technology is controlling us. By then it might be too late. I believe that  ( ko viet cau nay trong essay) it is very important to be suspicious of the benefits that computers will bring and to make sure that we never become totally dependent on a completely technological world.

*** What do you think about future computer?
- Modern computers are amazingly versatile
- fashion: choose the most suitable.
- Crime: better identification process.
- Shopping.
- Future computer:
- Thinking machine:
- Understand spoken instructions.
- Work like the human mind.
- Think
- Analyse information.
- Remember
- Have ideas
- Communicate.
- diagnose illness.
- Understand and control the world’s money markets.
- Find mineral.
- translation function.
- Replacing translator between two different nationality persons.
2. People in modern society use the computer to shop, to bank, to work, and to communicate with each other. However, a danger of using the computer is that it makes humans become isolated and lose their social skills. Agree?
3. As the computer is becoming increasingly popular, a lack of computer skills may be regarded as illeteracy. What do you think about this statement?
4. Computer may be considered the most important tool in modern society. Do you agree?
5. Can computerized data collection on individuals be justified even though it endangered the rights of individuals?
6. Computers can translate all kinds of languages well so our children don''t need to learn more languages in the future?
7. Some people say that computers have made life easier and more convenient. Other people say that computers have made life more complex and stressful. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

8. A lack of computer skills = illiteracy?
Agree: no computer skill = no reading, writing
Reason:
Fact:
Computerize on a global scale
Use widespeadly computer.
+ industries: almost all jobs are done on the computer.
+ in business: the business would freeze if computer stopped working -> computer skill is indispensible
+ Education: disadvantages for students if unable use computers -> lack of information, for instance.

9. Your school has enough money to purchase either computers for students or books for the library. Which should your school choose to buy —computers or books? Use specific reasons and examples to support your recommendation.

*** New computers will benefit the students more.
- computer can access up –to – date information on the Internet. If every student had access to a computer, we all could have the latest facts and figures on everything.
- “Information on demand” should be our slogan. Students need lots of information right away. Life goes by too quickly. It takes forever to identify a book that you think might have the information you need. Then you have to go to the library and look for the book. Usually it’s not even there.
- With a computer, information searches are instantaneous. If we all had computers, we could access more information and access it faster by computer. We could have all the information we needed for our schoolwork. We could all improve our grades. For these reasons, I feel that purchasing more computers will benefit us more than buying more books.

10. Are computers an essential feature of modern education? What subjects can be better taught using computers? Are there aspects of a good education that cannot be taught using computers?
 

*** Sample answer
• Computers are now essential in many areas of life – modern banking, retail and information exchange among others. However, this is not true for education. At a simple level some subjects may be better taught using computers, but to explain concepts a human teacher is still indispensable.
• There are some subjects in which a computer can be used successfully to teach. Elementary mathematics, elementary language learning, any area which requires a student to memorise basic facts through repetition is well suited to computer learning. The computer can be programmed to provide an endless number of simple questions, and as the student answers these questions the facts are learned and reinforced.
• However, in the learning and practice of more complex ideas, the computer is not adequate. A computer can evaluate an answer as right or wrong, but it can not determine why. It cannot find out why a student is making mistakes, and then re-present important concepts in a different way so the student will understand. It cannot determine at what stage in a mathematics problem the student has made an error, it can only indicate that the final answer is wrong. Tasks involving reasoning cannot be taught by computers, as there are too many variables for a computer to deal with successfully.
 Thus, while computers may be useful as a tool to practice simple skills, they are not an essential feature of modern education, because they cannot monitor a student’s grasp of concepts, nor evaluate a student’s reasoning. Until further developments in computers are made the human teacher will remain indispensable.

=> one student’s essay: • Computers have become a very important tool in modern education and are used in many useful ways. • Today, many universities and colleges use computers for lectures, conferences and communication with students. Professors, for example, post the content of their lectures on the web so that the students can review what they have done in the class. Professors often open online conferences and discuss with the students. • The good thing about lectures using computers is that we can have a lot of visual information. • For instance, those subjects such as chemistry or physics need many diagrams, images and pictures in order to be taught. Students many need some accurate images and they can get them if they use computers. • Geography is another subject which is more interesting because of computers. Instructors can project maps, charts and all kinds of visual data which makes lectures much more interesting. • However, some skills cannot be taught using computers because those subjects require direct interactivity. • Let’s say that students have to debate a controversial issue ( vđ gây tranh cãi) in a history class. We can hardly debate on the web ( hầu như ko thể). You need to be in class and have some face to face discussion with others to learn the skills necessary to become a good debater. ( nhà tranh luận tài ba) • In addition, lab work cannot be done by computers. You have to be in class to do experiments yourself so that you can learn proper procedures. • In conclusion, computers are used and will continue to be used in education, but there will always be a need for face-to-face interaction with teachers as well as fellow students.

=> Another student''s essay: • In today’s society, computers have become the most powerful tool in our lives. Especially in education, computers are very necessary in order to teach in a better way. By using a computer, we can reduce any unnecessary time during teaching. Also a more interactive class can be formed. • First, better teaching can be performed in mathematics class. For example, computers may be able to calculate all the difficult time-consuming problems while students are learning more developed theories and concepts. Indeed ( thực sự là ), better visualization ( s trực quan hóa ) can be provided by using computers which can draw several complex graphs at the same time that students may draw only two or three graphs at most. ( tối đa ) • Second, linguistics classes can be improved and students taught more effectively by using computers. Due to the computer’s multimedia capability and interactivity, more effective language learning systems have been developed. As students see a word on the screen, the clear sound comes out through the speakers. Moreover, illustrations ( s minh họa) can be given to help the student memorize the word more easily. By networking several computers together, discussion and displaying students’ opinions can be done in a convenient way. • However, although students can discuss online using computers, this cannot replace face-to-face interaction which is also a necessary aspect of a good education. • Students must learn how to express their ideas orally, to debate controversial subjects ( tranh luận các chủ đề gây tranh cãi) and to learn the body language and communication skills that are important in such activities. The anonymity possible in online discussion makes debate easier in some ways and so students do not learn the skills required by face-to-face interaction. • In conclusion, computers should be used in the education field because they supply a better study environment to students. Even though computers may not be supportable in all subjects, students benefit from the computer’s speed and precision. ( s chính xác)

11. Technology is making communication easier in today''s world, but at the expense of personal contact as many people choose to work at home in front of a computer screen. What dangers are there for a society which depends on computer screens rather than face-to-face contact for its main means of communication?
12. Do you use a computer very much?
13. Has this new technology changed the way you work, study, communicate etc.?

14. Do you feel that people spend too much time on a computer?
- It depends on which kind of people you are refering to and also, how many hours per day they spend on using computer as well as for what purpose they are there.
- For example, if we consider the situation of using computer in Vietnamese student, I think the answer is that they still spend too little time using computer, especially the Internet. In fact, many students in Vietnam have never accessed into Internet. The rest ( số còn lại ) just spend a very small amount of time using computer.
- But if we consider some specific individuals who spend long hours each day in front of the computer entertaining themselves with some music or movies web –sites or chatting with their friend, the answer of course is that they are wasting their time. And they’d better use that time in a more effective way.
- In fact there are also many other people all over the world also spends a large proportion of their time using computer for beneficial purpose ( cho các mục đích có lợi ) like; accessing the up – to – hour informations or doing some research. If they know how to make the balance between the time for the computer and that for other activities (meeting with people, doing exercises, etc.), nothing will go wrong. In the contrary,( trái lại) if they couldn’t control their time themselves, it would be of no good.

15. If you had children at what age would you want them to learn how to use a computer? And would you restrict the amount of time they spend on a computer each day?

SECTION 2: INTERNET

1. Some people say that the Internet provides people with a lot of valuable information. Others think access to so much information creates problems. Which view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
2. Will modern technology, such as the internet ever replace the book or the written word as the main source of information?

3. The internet will bring about a new freedom of information and so narrow the technology gap between developed and developing countries
- world – wide communication possible
- greater access to information.
- Only the rich can afford access to the internet
- Computing skills are neccesary to operate the internet so new technology gap developing.
- Makes the copyright laws hard to enforce so difficult to keep technology secret.

  Làm cho luật bản quyền khó áp đặt thế nên thật khó để giữ đc bí mật công nghệ.
- Difficult to censor. ['sensə]  kiểm duyệt (n) (v)

4. What is your experience of the internet?
5. What are the dangers of the internet?
6. What impact does the internet have on society?
7. What do you think will happen to the internet in the future?

SECTION 3: TECHNOLOGY

1. In what ways has information technology changed work and working practices in the past 10 years?
2. Are traditional architecture and modern technology compatible?
... how space travel can be of benefit in the future

3.  Technology can bring many benefits, but it can also cause social and environmental problems. In relation to new technology, the primary duty of Governments should be to focus on potential problems, rather than benefits. ( nh vụ cơ bản của CP là quan tâm nhiều  đến các vđ tiềm tàng hơn là lợi ích)

- It is true that new technologies can create serious social and environmental problems. The question is whether governments should focus on these problems when they are formulating policies relating to new technology. ( hình thành các chính sách liên quan đến CN mới )
- Some people would argue that governments have an important watchdog role to play and that they should attempt to establish whether a proposed technology is likely to have any harmful effects. This is seen as an aspect of government looking after the public interest and showing concern about the welfare of its citizens. These people would invest government with the power to veto the introduction of certain technologies.
- The problem with this approach, however, is that it is very difficult to know in advance what the full effects of any new technology will be. The history of science and technology has many fascinating examples of unexpected developments. Sometimes a technological advance in one area can lead to a surprising breakthrough in another, seemingly unrelated area. For example, technology which originated from the US space program has been further developed and applied in many other areas of life. And one certainly cannot depend on government bureaucracies to make accurate assessments about these matters.
- Another problem is that, where one government might decide to ban the use of a new technology, another country may well go ahead with its introduction. In an increasingly competitive global economy the first country may severely disadvantage itself by such an action.
- New technology is essential for a country's economic development. The best approach is to positively encourage the development of new technologies and to focus on their benefits. Any problems that may arise can be dealt with after implementation.

                                                     4. Technology and tradition are incompatible.

In today’s technological society, many people are concerned about the possibility of losing the traditional cultural values. They fear that the whole world may eventually become a “melting pot” since traditional cultures will have to be sacrified for industrialization and modernization. In the final analysis, however, I am unconvinced that technology and tradition are neccesarily incompatible.
Firstly, I do not think that we have to choose between technology and traditional culture, though, admitedly, technological development may change our culture in part. For example, most societies, Western and traditional alike, have had to shift from the traditional norm of extended family to nuclear family pattern which is more easily manageable in this industrialized world. But this change is neccesary, if not essential, because if there were no change, there would be no progress. After all, sustainability means adaptability. Time has helped us filter out the no –longer suitable traditions and retain only the part of our traditional cultures suitable for today’s socio – economic and cultural life. In fact, good examples of the harmony between modern technology and traditional culture can be seen in Japan, South Korea, France, among numerous other countries world wide. I would argue, therefore, that traditional culture and technology can be happily married to each other.
Moreover, thanks to technological advances, we are now capable of preserving many of our priceless cultural works so that our future generation can still see the wonders of the past with their own eyes. The restoration of the Pyramids in Egypt ot of the Angko Temples in Cambodia, for instance, has been effectively and effortlessly done thanks to the application of high technology. But that is not all. Technology also helps protect traditional culture by improving people’s living standards: enabling them to have the knowledge, skills, money, time, and will to conserve traditional culture. Starving people would not care about anything other than finding enough food to feed themselves and their families.
For all these reasons, i strongly believe that we can have both technology and traditional culture, rather than haave one and lose the other. If wisely managed and properly used, our age - old traditions will continue to live with us, however developed technology might be.
5. Computer technology benefits modern society in many ways, but its disadvantages should not be overlooked. Discuss the dangers of computer technology.
It is certainly true that communication has changed rapidly this century, particularly over the last few years. Even international contact, for example, can be made at the touch of a button using fax or e-mail. More and more people spend more and more time in front of computer screens, both at work and in their leisure time. Those who say that such technology has an entirely positive effect should ask themselves if there are any dangers or disadvantages to this new lifestyle.
There are quite serious health consequences of a sedentary life in front of a computer - the most obvious being eye strain. Sitting at a computer screen for long periods of time is generally unhealthy, as the individual does not get any exercise. However, it is the social consequences that are the most alarming. The computer and the internet have made direct human contact less and less necessary. People have the illusion of community through the web, when in fact there is no such community. Nothing can replace real contact with real people in real streets. We contact people by e-mail because it is convenient to us - this is not the same as a natural relationship, which may be anything but convenient. We understand others only through what they write in e-mails, which is not the same as reading the subtle changes in emotion on a person''s face. We may find in the future that people find human relationships too inconvenient and confusing, and prefer to stay with virtual friends rather than real ones..
In the rush to make life more convenient, we must be careful not to lose our humanity. Although the benefits of computer technology are extremely tempting, we need to analyse whether it is actually improving our quality of life, or making our lives faster but more soulless.

6. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? With the help of technology, students nowadays can learn more information and learn it more quickly. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
Technology has greatly improved the way we get information. Students can now get more information, fet it more quickly, and get it more conviniently.
The internet and the World Wide Web has opened every major library and database to students around the world. Information comes not only in print form, but also in multimedia. You can get audio and video data. Yu can get infoermation about events in the past as well as events that unfold as you watch your computer monitor.
Information comes at the speed of the internet which is to say in nanoseconds. You can type in a few key words in your search engine, and the engine will search the entire WWW to find information on your topic. You don’t have to spend hours pouring over card catalogs in the library and looking at the shelves. This research is done for you instantly on the Web.
It is certainly more convinient to sit at home and do research on your computer. Your computer is open 24 hours a day, unlike a library or office which has limited hours and limited resources. You can do research in your pajamas while you eat breakfast. What could be more convinient?
Technology, especially the Internet, has certainly changed the quantity and quality of the information we get. The speed and convinient of a computer helps students learn more, more quickly.
7. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Technology has made the world a better place to live. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
8. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Modern technology is creating a single world culture. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
9. Some people think that governments should spend as much money as possible on developing or buying computer technology. Other people disagree and think that this money should be spent on more basic needs. Which one of these opinions do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.
When we see photographs of starving children, it’s hard to say that we should spend billions of dollars on space exploration. But that’s just what we should do. Children don’t need to be starving, but we do need to explore space. Right now, we have enough meny to feed every person on
Earth. Children are starving because of mismanagement of resources and simple human greed. Those are problems we can solve right here on earth. That shouldn’t stop our need to find out what’s beyond our own solar system.
We may never make contact with whatever other species there may be out there in space. Even so, there are still two very practical and positive consequences of space exploration. One is certainty and the other is a possibility. The certainty is medical research. Yes, we can conduct research here on earth. But much of the research done in space, for example, on the effects of gravity on bone marrow, is making a difference in medicine here on Earth. When we do research in space, we also learn more about space exploration. Also, many of the inventions that were developed for space travel have been adapted to good use on Earth.
The possible consequence of space exploration is finding another planet human beings can colonize. Overpopulation is a huge problem on our planet. People are living longer, more healthful lives, and that’s a good thing. But it means there are fewer people dying and more people being born. Eventually we’ll have less space, fewer people resources and major distribution problems. If we can find another planet to live on, we can relieve the problems of overpopulation on our planet.
It’s a tragedy that there are human beings suffering on Earth. However, if we wait until everyone has a perfect life, we will never explore space – and that, too, would be a kind of tragedy.

10. Modern technology has increased material wealth, but not happiness. To what extent do you agree with this statement?
11. Does modern technology make life more convinient, or was life better when technology was simpler?agree/disagree
12. In what ways has information technology changed work and working practices in the past 10 years?
13. ''Telecommuting'' refers to workers doing their jobs from home for part of each week and communicating with their office using computer technology. Telecommuting is growing in many countries and is expected to be common for most office workers in the coming decades. How do you think society will be affected by the growth of telecommuting? Telecomunication
* Developing telecommunications affect our society in many ways in areas such as education, commerce and entertainment. In this essay, I will explain why telecommunications have had a huge impact on our education.
* To start with, let’s start at the advantages of telecommunications. The Internet is a consequence of telecommunications and part of our lives. We can see the Internet all around us, such as in companies, universities and schools. We can search for everything we want to know from the Internet, because the Internet is the biggest library on earth.
- Moreover, nowadays some Masters’ subjects can be studied via the Internet or television. This is called distance-education. Therefore, telecommunications make education convenient for students. For example, Monash University offers Master of Business Systems for distance education to many students in Asian countries. The students do not need to come to Melbourne. They can save a lot of money.

* However, there are many disadvantages from the use of telecommunications.

- Firstly, a computer is very expensive. It costs $1,500 at least. Not all students can buy computer.
- Secondly, people will lack human communication. In the future, people will only sit in front of a screen and communicate via the Internet, so they will lose their sense of community.
- Moreover, physical conditions, such as eye diseases and back pain, result from watching a screen for too long. Some programmers have problems with their eyes and sometimes they have headaches.
 => In conclusion, although we can gain comfort from telecommunications, we may lose much more than that. Disadvantages include expenditure, physical problems and the loss of human communication. In my opinion, we should use telecommunications properly and realize that telecommunications are just a tool for education.
14.Describe a piece of technology that has been useful in your life. Say:
• What the item is.
• How you use it.
• How important it has become to you.
And explain how this piece of technology has changed your way of doing things.
15. In what ways have new technologoes changed your life in the past 5 years?
16. In general, would you say that technology is a good thing in society?
17. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of the way society adopts new technologies?
18. How do you think the childhood of your children will be different to your own childhood as a result if new technology?

SECTION 4: NUCLEAR-OTHERS

1. To what extent is nuclear technology a danger to life on Earth? What are the benefits and risks associated with its use?

- These days, many people are afraid of nuclear technology because of the dangers associated with its use. In my opinion, although it is true that nuclear weapons pose the greatest threat to life ( mối đe dọa ), the use of nuclear technology for peaceful purposes also carries some serious risks. ( kéo theo nhiều nguy cơ nghiêm trọng)
- Nuclear power stations provide an important source of cheap power for many industrialized nations and some developing countries. However, there is always the danger of radiation leaking from these plants. Even though safety precautions are taken ( các b fap bảo hộ lao động đã được tiến hành), there have been numerous disasters such as the explosion of a nuclear plant ( vụ nổ nhà máy hạt nhân) in Russia not long ago.
- Nuclear technology is even used to help cure some diseases such as cancer. Radiation can be applied to the body to burn away cancerous cells ( đốt cháy tế bào ung thư). This is, however, a dangerous procedure ( 1 thủ tục / quá trình nguy hiểm ), and the application of radiation is almost always painful and not always successful.
- The most worrying aspect of nuclear technology, though, is its use for military purposes. Enough atomic bombs ( bom hạt nhân) have already been built to completely destroy the planet, and the real danger is that one day some country will start a war with these weapons. Too many countries now have the technology required to make such bombs, and there is currently much debate about ( tranh luận về) how to control the situation.
- In conclusion, nuclear technology certainly has positive uses, but is, nonetheless, dangerous. However, it would have been better if it had never been used to create nuclear weapons. If life on earth is to continue, all the nuclear nations of the world should agree to disarm as soon as possible.

2. The threat of nuclear weapons maintains world peace. Nuclear power provides cheap and clean energy. The benefits of nuclear technology far overweigh the disadvantages. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.
3. There are other difficulties involved with space exploration, but these are three of the most important ones.
4. Should scientists be left to work as they please or should they be made to develop programs decided by the government?
5. Do you agree or disagree that progress is always good? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. ( tiến bộ khoa học )
Who would disagree with the statement “progress is good”?

Withour progress, there would be no change. Without progress, there would be no change in our economy, our standard of living, or our health.
+ Progress is required to keep the economy moving forward. New products need to be developed; new services need to be created. Withour progress, our economy would stand still ( dậm chân tại chỗ ). There would be no change. Without progrees, there would be no supermarkets with fresh produce brought in from all over the world.
+ Progress is required to improve our standard of living ( nâng cao mức sống). Our homes today are more efficient and use less natural resources thanks to improvement in home construction techniques. Our clothes are warmer and safer thanks to developments in textile manufacturing ( ngành sx dệt may). Our educational system is better thanks to the use of the computer and the internet.
+ Progress is required to improve the health of the world population. Without progress, there would be no vaccine against deadly disease like smallpox. Without progress, there would be increased infant mortality. Thanks to progress our lives are longer and healthier.
+ Progress is a natural state. Without it, we would not evolve. Without it, out economy, our standard of living, and our health would deteriorate. Who could deny the neccesity of progress?

 5 / The 21st century has begun. 1. What changes do you think this new century will bring? Use examples and details in your answer. TOEFL148
Now that we are in a new millenium, we can assume there will be changes in the world. I predict that the changes will be in the areas of information dissemination global alliances, and family structure.
In the past decades, the computer was responsible for changing the way information was organized. Now the computer plus the internet is changing the way information is spread. information will now be universally available to anyone with a computer. You will not have to go to libraries to do research. You will not have to travel to visit scholars, you will not have to go to a bookstore to buy a book. You can do all of this from your home on the computer.
In the past decadesm the nations of the world aligned themselves with the United states, the former Soviet Uniion, or with one another in a loose alliance. In the future these alliances will be move fluid. Some countries will align politically with one country but economically with another. Some countries will share technology and other informatio, but will not trade together. Some countries, which have long been enemies, will align militarily for regional security.
The family structure will not be based on a mother/father/child patern. Single parent families will be more common and often the child will bot be a biological child of a single parent, but will be adopted. Other family structures like domestic partnerships will become more accepted.
Whatever the changes may be, whether in the way we receive information, the way nations align one another, or the way family units are defined, you can be sure that there will be more change. Change is a constant.
6. The twentieth century saw great change. In your opinion, what is one change that should be remembered about the twentieth century? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice.
There have been many changes both technological and cultural in the twentieth century. I believe that outstands out above the rest: advances in medical science. The changes in medical science go together with the changes in technological and cultural areas. One can move ahead only with the help of the other. We can see the results of medical advances in three areas: development of vaccines and antibodies expanded access to health care and improved surgical techniques.
7. Some government are now spending trillions of dollars constructing human colonies in space. This is a huge waste of money on an unrealistic idea.
8. Some people think governments should spend as much money as possible exploring outer space (for example, traveling to the Moon and to other planets). Other people disagree and think governments should spend this money for our basic needs on Earth. Which of these two opinions do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.
9. Atomic energy is the best source for the world’s growing energy needs.